🔍 A successful operation 一例成功的手术

新概念英语第二册 Lesson 77 · 语法精读与固定搭配分类

NCE Book 2 · Lesson 77（课本印刷页 358-361）· 14 个生词和短语 · 课文 10 句

一全文逐句语法解读

本课是一则关于木乃伊手术的报道。语言点集中在 非限制性定语从句（which lasted for over four hours）、现在完成进行时（have been trying）、have sth. done（has just had an operation），以及 prove to be、fall to pieces 等短语。

¶ 1 · 木乃伊与神庙歌手（句 1-2）

句子	语法点
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.	定语从句 who 引导，修饰 an Egyptian woman · 800 B.C. 公元前 800 年（B.C. ＝ Before Christ）· have sth. done has just had an operation：刚刚做了一次手术
The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.	that ＝ the mummy（避免重复）· 定语从句 who 引导 · once 曾经 · a singer in the Temple of Thebes 底比斯神庙的歌手

¶ 2 · 寻找死因（句 3-4）

句子	语法点
As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.	原因状语从句 as 引导 · taken of the mummy 过去分词短语作定语 · 现在完成进行时 have been trying · 宾语从句 whether 引导（是否）· die of 死于 · a rare disease 一种罕见的疾病
The only way to do this was to operate.	the only way to do sth. 做某事的唯一办法（不定式作后置定语）· operate 做手术（不及物动词）

¶ 3 · 艰难的手术（句 5-7）

句子	语法点
The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.	非限制性定语从句 which 引导，补充说明 the operation · last for 持续 · prove to be 证明是，结果是 · 原因状语 because of + 名词短语 · resin 树脂
The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory.	remove 切下 · a section of ……的一块切片 · send sth. to 把某物送到 · a laboratory 实验室
They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef.	定语从句 which 引导，修饰 something（不用 that 之外的词）· a wax figure 一个蜡像 · the god Duamutef 神杜阿穆特夫 · 冒号后为 found 的宾语

¶ 4 · 结果（句 8-10）

句子	语法点
This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy.	定语从句 which 引导 · normally 通常 · 被动语态 was placed：被放置
The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened.	宾语从句 how the woman died · 宾语从句 that 引导，作 feared 的宾语 · would ＋动词原形表过去将来 · fall to pieces 碎成碎片 · cut it open 把它切开（open 作宾补）
The mummy successfully survived the operation.	successfully 成功地 · survive 幸免于，从……中幸存 · 结尾与标题 A successful operation 呼应，句式简短有力

二固定搭配与重点词组

短语	用法与例句
have sth. done	让某物被……：has just had an operation（做了一次手术）。
die of	死于（疾病等内部原因）：the woman died of a rare disease。
the only way to do sth.	做某事的唯一办法：The only way to do this was to operate。
prove to be	证明是，结果是：proved to be very difficult。
because of	因为（＋名词短语）：because of the hard resin。
fall to pieces	碎成碎片：the mummy would fall to pieces。
cut sth. open	把某物切开（open 作宾补）：when they cut it open。

三语法核心总结

非限制性定语从句

The operation, which lasted for over four hours, …

现在完成进行时

doctors have been trying to find out

have sth. done

has just had an operation

would + 动词原形

the mummy would fall to pieces

非限制性定语从句的逗号：The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult. 这里的 which 从句用逗号与主句隔开，只作补充说明；若去掉逗号变成限制性定语从句，意思就变成「那次持续四小时的手术」，限定作用不同，读时要留意逗号。
have sth. done 的两种含义：has just had an operation 是「做了一次手术」，主语是手术的「承受者」；而 have the clock checked（请人校正大钟）则表示「让人做某事」，主语是「指使者」。同一个结构，含义取决于动词与主语的语义关系。
something 后的定语从句用 which：They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show 中，先行词是 something，关系代词习惯上用 which（也可用 that），不能用 who——即使指人，因为先行词本身不明确指人。